Volume 3 Table of Contents



	Contents Page Stephen F. McCool Wilderness as a Place for Scientific Inquiry 1 David N. Cole 1. Overviews 3 Norman L. Christensen, Jr. The Evolving Role of Science in Wilderness to Our Understanding of Ecosystems and Landscapes 5 Alan Ewert The Effects of Wilderness Settings on Organized Groups: Leo McAvoy A State-of-Knowledge Paper 13 Lisa J. Graumlich Global Change in Wilderness Areas: Disentangling Natural and Anthropogenic Changes 27 Joseph W. Roggenbuck Benefits of Nonfacilitated Uses of Wilderness 33 B. L Driver R. Gerald Wright The Evolution of Wilderness Wildlife Research in North America 50 Lisa K. Garrett 2. Wilderness and Ecosystems 61 Edward E. Berg Studies in the Wilderness Areas of the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge: Fire, Bark Beetles, Human Development and Climate Change 63 Matthew L. Brooks Does Protection of Desert Tortoise Habitat Generate Other Ecological Benefits in the Mojave Desert? 68 Daniel B. Fagre Ecosystem Dynamics and Disturbance in Mountain Wildernesses: David L. Peterson Assessing Vulnerability of Natural Resources to Change 74 Charles G. Johnson, Jr. Establishing Benchmark Monitoring Points in Wilderness: Successes and Challenges 82 Robert E. Keane The Importance of Wilderness to Whitebark Pine Research and Management 84 Kenneth D. Kimball Alpine Vegetation Communities and the Alpine-Treeline Douglas M. Weihrauch Ecotone Boundary in New England as Biomonitors for Climate Change 93 Cynthia S. Loftin Effects of the Suwannee River Sill on the Hydrology of the Sara B. Aicher Okefenokee Swamp: Application of Research Results in Wiley M. Kitchens the Environmental Assessment Process 102 Aníbal Pauchard A Multiscale Method for Assessing Vegetation Baseline of Eduardo Ugarte Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Protected Jaime Millán Areas of Chile 111 James M. Peek Shrub-Steppe Vegetation Trend, Middle Fork Salmon River, Idaho 117



	William H. Russell Edge Effects and the Effective Size of Old-Growth Coast Joe R. McBride Redwood Preserves 128 Ky Carnell Susan E. Shideler Monitoring Reproduction and Contraception in Free Ranging Wildlife: Tule Elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) at Point Reyes National Seashore 137 Russell F. Thurow Dynamics of Chinook Salmon Populations Within Idaho's Frank Church Wilderness: Implications for Persistence 143 3. Wilderness and the Past 153 Christopher V. Barns Paleontological Excavations in Designated Wilderness: Theory and Practice 155 Anthony R. Fiorillo The Ancient Environment of the Beartooth Butte Formation (Devonian) in Wyoming and Montana: Combining Paleontological Inquiry With Federal Management Needs 160 Robert L. Sanford, Jr. Holocene Rain-Forest Wilderness: A Neotropical Perspective on Sally P. Horn Humans as an Exotic, Invasive Species 168 4. Wilderness and People 175 Laura M. Fredrickson Wilderness: A Place for Ethical Inquiry 177 Baylor L. Johnson Lilian Jonas Encountering Heidi: Meeting Others as a Central Aspect of the William Stewart River Experience 181 Kevin Larkin Angelina M. Kendra Is There a Shared Idea of "Wilderness" Among Outdoor Troy E. Hall Recreationists? Evidence From Three Recreation Sites 188 Julia Dawn Parker In Their Own Words: Wilderness Values of Outfitter/Guides 196 Bill Avant Todd Paxton Social Psychological Benefits of a Wilderness Adventure Program 202 Leo McAvoy Keith C. Russell How Wilderness Therapy Works: An Examination of the John C. Hendee Wilderness Therapy Process to Treat Adolescents With Dianne Phillips-Miller Behavioral Problems and Addictions 207 Erin K. Sharpe Interferences in Place Attachment: Implications for Wilderness 218 Alan W. Ewert Dave D. White Primal Hypotheses: The Relationship Between Naturalness, John C. Hendee Solitude, and the Wilderness Experience Benefits of Development of Self, Development of Community, and Spiritual Development 223 5. Management of Science in Wilderness 229 Gordon R. Cessford Identifying Research Needs for Improved Management of Social Impacts in Wilderness Recreation 231



	Peter Landres A Framework for Evaluating Proposals for Scientific Activities in Wilderness 239 Jack G. Oelfke Wolf Research in the Isle Royale Wilderness: Do the Ends Rolf O. Peterson Justify the Means? 246 John A. Vucetich Leah M. Vucetich David J. Parsons The Challenge of Scientific Activities in Wilderness 252 Jim Walters Research Protocols in National Park Service Wilderness 258 Vita Wright The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute: A National Wilderness Research Program in Support of Wilderness Management 260 6. Dialogue Session Summary 269 Diana L. Six Wilderness for Science: Pros and Cons of Using Wilderness Paul Alaback Areas for Biological Research 271 Robert A. Winfree Della Snyder Anne Hagele