Volume 4 Table of Contents



	Contents Page David N. Cole Wilderness Visitors, Experiences, and Visitor Management 1 Stephen F. McCool 1. Overviews 3 Edwin E. Krumpe The Role of Science in Wilderness Planning—A State- of-Knowledge Review 5 Robert E. Manning Defining and Managing the Quality of Wilderness David W. Lime Recreation Experiences 13 Alan E. Watson Wilderness Use in the Year 2000: Societal Changes That Influence Human Relationships With Wilderness 53 2. Wilderness Visitors 61 Jeffrey R. Behan How do Visitor Density and Anthropogenic Change in Merton T. Richards Frontcountry Wilderness Settings Affect Recreation Benefits? 63 Martha E. Lee Gordon R. Cessford Noise Impact Issues on the Great Walks of New Zealand 69 Neal A. Christensen Leave-No-Trace Practices: Behaviors and Preferences of David N. Cole Wilderness Visitors Regarding Use of Cookstoves and Camping Away From Lakes 77 Mae A. Davenport Examining Winter Visitor Use in Yellowstone National Park 86 Wayne A. Freimund William T. Borrie Robert E. Manning William A. Valliere Benjamin Wang Chad P. Dawson Measures of Wilderness Trip Satisfaction and User Alan E. Watson Perceptions of Crowding 93 Randy Gimblett An Individual-Based Modeling Approach to Simulating Recreation Terry Daniel Use in Wilderness Settings 99 Michael J. Meitner Alan R. Graefe Relationships Between Trip Motivations and Selected Brijesh Thapa Variables Among Allegheny National Forest Visitors 107 John J. Confer James D. Absher Troy Hall An Expanded Perspective on Displacement: A Longitudinal David Cole Study of Visitors to Two Wildernesses in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon 113 Karen S. Hockett Visitors' Knowledge of Federal Wilderness: Implications for Troy E. Hall Wilderness User Research and Management 122 Amy F. Hoss Meanings and Implications of Acceptability Judgments Mark W. Brunson for Wilderness Use Impacts 128



	Kristopher J. Lah Developing Social Standards for Wilderness Encounters in Mount Rainier National Park: Manager-Defined Versus Visitor-Defined Standards 134 Steven R. Martin Donations as an Alternative to Wilderness User Fees—The Case of the Desolation Wilderness 142 Meghan K. Papenfuse The Rise of the Day Visitor in Wilderness: Should Managers Joseph W. Roggenbuck be Concerned? 148 Troy E. Hall Chad D. Pierskalla Examining Leisure Event Opportunities of Isle Royale National Park: Dorothy H. Anderson Bridging the Gap Between Social Process and Spatial Form 155 David W. Lime Ingrid Schneider Response to Conflict Among Wilderness Visitors 160 Ingrid Schneider Perceptions of and Preferences for Fee Program Dollar Christopher LaPointe Utilization Among Wilderness Visitors 164 Sharon Stievater Rudy Schuster Effective Coping Strategies in Stressful Outdoor Recreation William Hammitt Situations: Conflict on the Ocoee River 167 Paul Twardock Recreational Kayak Visitor Use, Distribution, and Financial Christopher Monz Value of Beaches in Western Prince William Sound, Alaska, Between 1987 and 1998 175 Cynthia A. Warzecha Visitors' Relationship to the Resource: Comparing Place David W. Lime Attachment in Wildland and Developed Settings 181 Jerrilyn L. Thompson 3. Information and Education 185 Chuck Burgess Wilderness on the Internet: Identifying Wilderness Information Domains 187 John J. Confer Magazines as Wilderness Information Sources: Assessing Andrew J. Mowen Users' General Wilderness Knowledge and Specific Alan R. Graefe Leave No Trace Knowledge 193 James D. Absher James A. Harding Factors That Limit Compliance With Low-Impact Recommendations 198 William T. Borrie David N. Cole William W. Hendricks Attitudes Toward Roles in a Wilderness Education Program 203 Stephen F. McCool Communicating Minimum Impact Behavior With Trailside Bulletin David N. Cole Boards: Visitor Characteristics Associated With Effectiveness 208 Roy Ramthun Information Collection Styles of Wilderness Users: A Market Lynda Kersey Segmentation Approach 217 Jim Rogers



	William Stewart Preparing for a Day Hike at Grand Canyon: What Information David Cole Is Useful? 221 Robert Manning William Valliere Jonathan Taylor Martha Lee 4. Visitor Management 227 Joe L. Ashor Monitoring Social Indicators in the Bear Trap Canyon Wilderness 1988_1998 229 John B. Davis Standards of Quality for River Use Within the Fort Niobrara Mark Lindvall Wilderness Area 232 Linda Merigliano Keeping Wilderness Wild: Increasing Effectiveness With Bryan Smith Limited Resources 236 John A. Sacklin Winter Visitor Use Planning in Yellowstone and Grand Teton Kristin L. Legg National Parks 243 M. Sarah Creachbaum Clifford L. Hawkes George Helfrich 5. Dialogue Session Summaries 251 Kari Gunderson Wilderness Education: An Updated Review of the Literature Christopher V. Barns and New Directions for Research and Practice 253 William W. Hendricks Leo H. McAvoy John L. Heywood Current Approaches to Norms Research 260 Christopher Monz Wilderness Party Size Regulations: Implications for Management Joseph Roggenbuck and a Decisionmaking Framework 265 David Cole Richard Brame Andrew Yoder