Volume 5 Table of Contents



	Contents Page David N. Cole Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management 1 Stephen F. McCool 1. Overviews 3 James K. Agee Wilderness Fire Science: A State of Knowledge Review 5 Yu-Fai Leung Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness: Jeffrey L. Marion A State-of-Knowledge Review 23 Mitchel P. McClaran Improving Livestock Management in Wilderness 49 John M. Randall Improving Management of Nonnative Invasive Plants in Wilderness and Other Natural Areas 64 K. A. Tonnessen Protecting Wilderness Air Quality in the United States 74 2. Recreation Impacts and Management 97 L. Alessa Effects of Soil Compaction on Root and Root Hair Morphology: C. G. Earnhart Implications for Campsite Rehabilitation 99 Laurel Boyers Twenty-Eight Years of Wilderness Campsite Monitoring in Mark Fincher Yosemite National Park 105 Jan van Wagtendonk Tracy A. Farrell Camping Impact Management at Isle Royale National Park: Jeffrey L. Marion An Evaluation of Visitor Activity Containment Policies From the Perspective of Social Conditions 110 Anna M. T. Gajda Managing Coastal Recreation Impacts and Visitor Experience Judson Brown Using GIS 115 Grant Peregoodoff Patrick Bartier Ernest Hartley Thirty-Year Monitoring of Subalpine Meadow Vegetation Following a 1967 Trampling Experiment at Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Montana 124 Mark C. Jewell Assessing Soil Erosion on Trails: A Comparison of Techniques 133 William E. Hammitt Paul R. Lachapelle Sanitation in Wilderness: Balancing Minimum Tool Policies and Wilderness Values 141 Yu-Fai Leung Wilderness Campsite Conditions Under an Unregulated Jeffrey L. Marion Camping Policy: An Eastern Example 148 Christopher A. Monz The Consequences of Trampling Disturbance in Two Vegetation Tami Pokorny Types at the Wyoming Nature Conservancy's Sweetwater River Jerry Freilich Project Area 153 Sharon Kehoe Dayna Ayers-Baumeister



	P. E. Moore Meadow Response to Pack Stock Grazing in the Yosemite D. N. Cole Wilderness: Integrating Research and Management 160 J. W. van Wagtendonk M. P. McClaran N. McDougald Regina M. Rochefort Human Impact Surveys in Mount Rainier National Park: Past, Darin D. Swinney Present and Future 165 Akemi Yoda Erosion of Mountain Hiking Trail Over a Seven-year Period in Teiji Watanabe Daisetsuzan National Park, Central Hokkaido, Japan 172 3. Wilderness Restoration 179 David N. Cole Soil Amendments and Planting Techniques: Campsite Restoration David R. Spildie in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon 181 Sean Eagan Restoration of Multiple-Rut Trails in the Tuolumne Meadows of Peter Newman Yosemite National Park 188 Susan Fritzke Louise Johnson Joseph P. Flood The Influence of Wilderness Restoration Programs on Visitor Leo H. McAvoy Experience and Visitor Opinions of Managers 193 David R. Spildie Effectiveness of a Confinement Strategy in Reducing Pack Stock David N. Cole Impacts at Campsites in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho 199 Sarah C. Walker Charisse A. Sydoriak Would Ecological Landscape Restoration Make the Bandelier Craig D. Allen Wilderness More or Less of a Wilderness? 209 Brian F. Jacobs Catherine Zabinski Understanding the Factors That Limit Restoration Success on David Cole a Recreation-Impacted Subalpine Site 216 4. Wilderness Fire and Management 223 Stephen F. Arno Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes in the Northern Rocky Mountains: David J. Parsons Consequences of Fire Exclusion and Options for the Future 225 Robert E. Keane Anthony C. Caprio Returning Fire to the Mountains: Can We Successfully Restore David M. Graber the Ecological Role of Pre-Euroamerican Fire Regimes to the Sierra Nevada? 233 Peter Z. Fulé Continuing Fire Regimes in Remote Forests of Grand Canyon Thomas A. Heinlein National Park 242 W. Wallace Covington Margaret M. Moore Thomas A. Heinlein Development of Ecological Restoration Experiments in Fire W. Wallace Covington Adapted Forests at Grand Canyon National Park 249 Peter Z. Fulé Margaret M. Moore Hiram B. Smith



	Jon E. Keeley Restoring Natural Fire Regimes to the Sierra Nevada in an Era of Nathan L. Stephenson Global Change 255 MaryBeth Keifer Prescribed Fire as the Minimum Tool for Wilderness Forest and Nathan L. Stephenson Fire Regime Restoration: A Case Study From the Sierra Jeff Manley Nevada, California 266 Kurt F. Kipfmueller Fire-Climate Interactions in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area 270 Thomas W. Swetnam David J. Parsons The Challenge of Restoring Natural Fire to Wilderness 276 Matthew Rollins Twentieth-Century Fire Patterns in the Selway-Bitterroot Tom Swetnam Wilderness Area, Idaho/Montana and the Gila/Aldo Leopold Penelope Morgan Wilderness Complex, New Mexico 283 G.Thomas Zimmerman The Federal Wildland Fire Policy: Opportunities for Wilderness David L. Bunnell Fire Management 288 5. Air, Water, and Exotic Species 299 Paul Stephen Corn Fish Stocking in Protected Areas: Summary of a Workshop 301 Roland A. Knapp L. Bruce Hill Visitor Perceptions and Valuation of Visibility in the Great Gulf Wendy Harper Wilderness, New Hampshire 304 John M. Halstead Thomas H. Stevens Ina Porras Kenneth D. Kimball R. A. Knapp Effects of Nonnative Fishes on Wilderness Lake Ecosystems in K. R. Matthews the Sierra Nevada and Recommendations for Reducing Impacts 312 Marilyn Marler A Survey of Exotic Plants in Federal Wilderness Areas 318 David S. Pilliod Evaluating Effects of Fish Stocking on Amphibian Populations Charles R. Peterson in Wilderness Lakes 328 Ellen M. Porter Air Quality Management in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Wilderness Areas 336 6. Wilderness Management 341 Shannon S. Meyer Legislative Interpretation as a Guiding Tool for Wilderness Management 343 S. Thomas Olliff Seeking a Scientific Approach to Backcountry Management in Sue Consolo Murphy Yellowstone National Park 348 Derek Petersen Grizzly Bears as a Filter for Human Use Management in Canadian Rocky Mountain National Parks 354 Nicholas Sawyer The Development of the 1999 Management Plan for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (Australia) 362



	Michael J. Tranel Wilderness Management Planning in an Alaskan National Park: Last Chance to Do It Right? 369 7. Dialogue Session Summary 375 Peter B. Landres Naturalness and Wildness: The Dilemma and Irony of Managing Mark W. Brunson Wilderness 377 Linda Merigliano Charisse Sydoriak Steve Morton